Clothing
Traditional clothing were made out of skins of birds, fish, marine and land animals. Hunting clothes were designed to be insulated and waterproof. Fish skin and marine mammal intestines were used for waterproof shells and boots. Grass was used as a waterproof thread. Far north, the coats would be very tight in winter in order to keep the body warm. In more southern zones, the coats would be looser, to enable the wearer more flexibility in movement, and to permit some cooling as needed.
Traditional clothing were made out of skins of birds, fish, marine and land animals. Hunting clothes were designed to be insulated and waterproof. Fish skin and marine mammal intestines were used for waterproof shells and boots. Grass was used as a waterproof thread. Far north, the coats would be very tight in winter in order to keep the body warm. In more southern zones, the coats would be looser, to enable the wearer more flexibility in movement, and to permit some cooling as needed.
![图片](/uploads/2/7/2/0/27205375/6367277.jpg)
Art
Dancing is a communal activity in Yup’ik tradition. Dances tell stories of past hunting and fishing trips, qasgiq songs, hanging and cutting fish, dreams that a person envisioned or many other everyday activities and occurrences. Yup’ik dancing is characterized by the use of dance fans. Yup’ik women use dance fans made of woven grass and caribou whiskers or feathers, while Yup’ik men use a ringstyle dance fan made of wood and feathers. The men typically kneel in front of the women, and all movements are exactly synchronized. Yup’ik songs generally have several choruses, so it is difficult to tell when a Yup’ik dance is finished. Once a dance is finished, it is the Yup’ik tradition to shout “Pamyua,” which means “Again!”
Dancing is a communal activity in Yup’ik tradition. Dances tell stories of past hunting and fishing trips, qasgiq songs, hanging and cutting fish, dreams that a person envisioned or many other everyday activities and occurrences. Yup’ik dancing is characterized by the use of dance fans. Yup’ik women use dance fans made of woven grass and caribou whiskers or feathers, while Yup’ik men use a ringstyle dance fan made of wood and feathers. The men typically kneel in front of the women, and all movements are exactly synchronized. Yup’ik songs generally have several choruses, so it is difficult to tell when a Yup’ik dance is finished. Once a dance is finished, it is the Yup’ik tradition to shout “Pamyua,” which means “Again!”
![图片](/uploads/2/7/2/0/27205375/5181661.jpeg)
Religious beliefs
Yupik Eskimo's are just like everyone else. They all have different beliefs. A major portion of the are Christian due to the missionaries that came to Alaska in the earlier 19th century. But some of them just take portions of the the christian beliefs that best cope with there original belief that mainly have to do with the earth and animal they hold sacred. They have a system of cosmological reproductive cycling: nothing in the universe ever finally dies away, but is instead, it reborn in succeeding generations. These rules required careful attitudes and actions to maintain the proper relationship with the human and animal spirit worlds and so ensure their return in successive generations. There were good and evil shamans that had separate roles within the village. Good shamans would heal, search out animal spirits for the hunters, ask for survival necessities such as driftwood and good weather. The bad shamans battled good shamans for power, placed curses on people, they made life miserable for others and could even kill others. It is believed that some Yup’ik people still has some shaman powers.
Yupik Eskimo's are just like everyone else. They all have different beliefs. A major portion of the are Christian due to the missionaries that came to Alaska in the earlier 19th century. But some of them just take portions of the the christian beliefs that best cope with there original belief that mainly have to do with the earth and animal they hold sacred. They have a system of cosmological reproductive cycling: nothing in the universe ever finally dies away, but is instead, it reborn in succeeding generations. These rules required careful attitudes and actions to maintain the proper relationship with the human and animal spirit worlds and so ensure their return in successive generations. There were good and evil shamans that had separate roles within the village. Good shamans would heal, search out animal spirits for the hunters, ask for survival necessities such as driftwood and good weather. The bad shamans battled good shamans for power, placed curses on people, they made life miserable for others and could even kill others. It is believed that some Yup’ik people still has some shaman powers.
Language
The Yupik languages are several distinct languages of the several Yupik peoples of western and south central Alaska and northeastern Siberia. The languages are different so people from different places can’t understand each other but can understand the general meaning that they want to express. One of them, Sirenik, has been a dead language since 1997. The Yupik languages are in the family of Eskimo Aleut languages. It is a language family native to Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Nunavik,Nunatsiavut, Greenland, and the Chukchi Peninsula on the eastern tip of Siberia.The Aleut and Eskimo languages diverged about 2000 BC; within the Eskimo classification, the Yupik languages diverged from each other and from the Inuit language about 1000 AD.
Yupik languages have four vowels: 'a', 'i', 'u' and schwa. They have from 13 to 27 consonants.
Consonants: c [ts]~[tʃ], g [ɣ], gg [x], k, l [l], ll [ɬ], m, ḿ (voiceless m), n (alveolar), ń (voiceless n), ng [ŋ], ńg (voiceless ŋ), p, q [q], r [ʁ], rr [χ], s [z],ss [s], t (alveolar), û [w], v [v]~[w], vv [f], w [χʷ], y [j], ’ (gemination of preceding consonant)
The Yupik languages are several distinct languages of the several Yupik peoples of western and south central Alaska and northeastern Siberia. The languages are different so people from different places can’t understand each other but can understand the general meaning that they want to express. One of them, Sirenik, has been a dead language since 1997. The Yupik languages are in the family of Eskimo Aleut languages. It is a language family native to Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Nunavik,Nunatsiavut, Greenland, and the Chukchi Peninsula on the eastern tip of Siberia.The Aleut and Eskimo languages diverged about 2000 BC; within the Eskimo classification, the Yupik languages diverged from each other and from the Inuit language about 1000 AD.
Yupik languages have four vowels: 'a', 'i', 'u' and schwa. They have from 13 to 27 consonants.
Consonants: c [ts]~[tʃ], g [ɣ], gg [x], k, l [l], ll [ɬ], m, ḿ (voiceless m), n (alveolar), ń (voiceless n), ng [ŋ], ńg (voiceless ŋ), p, q [q], r [ʁ], rr [χ], s [z],ss [s], t (alveolar), û [w], v [v]~[w], vv [f], w [χʷ], y [j], ’ (gemination of preceding consonant)